使用 GDB 调试 C API 扩展和 CPython 内部机制¶
本文档解释了如何使用 Python GDB 扩展 python-gdb.py 与 GDB 调试器来调试 CPython 扩展和 CPython 解释器本身。
当调试诸如崩溃或死锁等底层问题时，像 GDB 这样的底层调试器有助于诊断和纠正问题。默认情况下，GDB（或其任何前端）不支持特定于 CPython 解释器的高级信息。
python-gdb.py 扩展将 CPython 解释器信息添加到 GDB。该扩展有助于检查当前正在执行的 Python 函数的堆栈。给定一个由 PyObject* 指针表示的 Python 对象，该扩展会显示对象的类型和值。
正在开发 CPython 扩展或修改用 C 编写的 CPython 部分的开发人员可以使用本文档来了解如何将 python-gdb.py 扩展与 GDB 一起使用。
注意
本文档假设您熟悉 GDB 和 CPython C API 的基础知识。它整合了来自 devguide 和 Python wiki 的指导。
先决条件¶
您需要拥有：
GDB 7 或更高版本。（对于早期版本的 GDB，请参阅 Python 3.11 或更早版本源代码中的
Misc/gdbinit。）Python 和您正在调试的任何扩展的 GDB 兼容调试信息。
python-gdb.py扩展。
该扩展是用 Python 构建的，但可能会单独分发或根本不分发。下面，我们列出了一些常见系统的提示作为示例。请注意，即使说明与您的系统匹配，也可能已过时。
使用从源代码构建的 Python 进行设置¶
当您从源代码构建 CPython 时，应该可以获得调试信息，并且构建应该将 python-gdb.py 文件添加到您的存储库的根目录。
要激活支持，您必须将包含 python-gdb.py 的目录添加到 GDB 的“auto-load-safe-path”。如果您没有这样做，最近版本的 GDB 将会打印出警告，其中包含有关如何执行此操作的说明。
注意
如果您没有看到针对您的 GDB 版本的说明，请将其放入您的配置文件中（~/.gdbinit 或 ~/.config/gdb/gdbinit）：
add-auto-load-safe-path /path/to/cpython
您还可以添加多个路径，并用 : 分隔。
为 Linux 发行版中的 Python 进行设置¶
大多数 Linux 系统在名为 python-debuginfo、python-dbg 或类似的软件包中提供系统 Python 的调试信息。例如：
Fedora
sudo dnf install gdb sudo dnf debuginfo-install python3
Ubuntu
sudo apt install gdb python3-dbg
在一些最新的 Linux 系统上，GDB 可以使用 *debuginfod* 自动下载调试符号。但是，这不会安装 python-gdb.py 扩展；您通常需要单独安装调试信息包。
使用调试构建和开发模式¶
为了更容易地进行调试，您可能需要：
使用 Python 的 调试构建。（从源代码构建时，请使用
configure --with-pydebug。在 Linux 发行版上，如果可用，请安装并运行类似python-debug或python-dbg的软件包。）使用运行时 开发模式（
-X dev）。
两者都启用额外的断言并禁用一些优化。有时这会隐藏您正在尝试查找的错误，但在大多数情况下，它们会使过程更容易。
使用 python-gdb 扩展¶
加载扩展后，它提供两个主要功能：用于 Python 值的漂亮打印机和其他命令。
漂亮打印机¶
启用此扩展后，GDB 回溯如下所示（已截断）：
#0 0x000000000041a6b1 in PyObject_Malloc (nbytes=Cannot access memory at address 0x7fffff7fefe8
) at Objects/obmalloc.c:748
#1 0x000000000041b7c0 in _PyObject_DebugMallocApi (id=111 'o', nbytes=24) at Objects/obmalloc.c:1445
#2 0x000000000041b717 in _PyObject_DebugMalloc (nbytes=24) at Objects/obmalloc.c:1412
#3 0x000000000044060a in _PyUnicode_New (length=11) at Objects/unicodeobject.c:346
#4 0x00000000004466aa in PyUnicodeUCS2_DecodeUTF8Stateful (s=0x5c2b8d "__lltrace__", size=11, errors=0x0, consumed=
0x0) at Objects/unicodeobject.c:2531
#5 0x0000000000446647 in PyUnicodeUCS2_DecodeUTF8 (s=0x5c2b8d "__lltrace__", size=11, errors=0x0)
at Objects/unicodeobject.c:2495
#6 0x0000000000440d1b in PyUnicodeUCS2_FromStringAndSize (u=0x5c2b8d "__lltrace__", size=11)
at Objects/unicodeobject.c:551
#7 0x0000000000440d94 in PyUnicodeUCS2_FromString (u=0x5c2b8d "__lltrace__") at Objects/unicodeobject.c:569
#8 0x0000000000584abd in PyDict_GetItemString (v=
{'Yuck': <type at remote 0xad4730>, '__builtins__': <module at remote 0x7ffff7fd5ee8>, '__file__': 'Lib/test/crashers/nasty_eq_vs_dict.py', '__package__': None, 'y': <Yuck(i=0) at remote 0xaacd80>, 'dict': {0: 0, 1: 1, 2: 2, 3: 3}, '__cached__': None, '__name__': '__main__', 'z': <Yuck(i=0) at remote 0xaace60>, '__doc__': None}, key=
0x5c2b8d "__lltrace__") at Objects/dictobject.c:2171
请注意，PyDict_GetItemString 的字典参数是如何显示为它的 repr()，而不是不透明的 PyObject * 指针。
该扩展的工作方式是为 PyObject * 类型的值提供自定义打印例程。如果您需要访问对象的较低级别详细信息，则将该值强制转换为相应类型的指针。例如：
(gdb) p globals
$1 = {'__builtins__': <module at remote 0x7ffff7fb1868>, '__name__':
'__main__', 'ctypes': <module at remote 0x7ffff7f14360>, '__doc__': None,
'__package__': None}
(gdb) p *(PyDictObject*)globals
$2 = {ob_refcnt = 3, ob_type = 0x3dbdf85820, ma_fill = 5, ma_used = 5,
ma_mask = 7, ma_table = 0x63d0f8, ma_lookup = 0x3dbdc7ea70
<lookdict_string>, ma_smalltable = {{me_hash = 7065186196740147912,
me_key = '__builtins__', me_value = <module at remote 0x7ffff7fb1868>},
{me_hash = -368181376027291943, me_key = '__name__',
me_value ='__main__'}, {me_hash = 0, me_key = 0x0, me_value = 0x0},
{me_hash = 0, me_key = 0x0, me_value = 0x0},
{me_hash = -9177857982131165996, me_key = 'ctypes',
me_value = <module at remote 0x7ffff7f14360>},
{me_hash = -8518757509529533123, me_key = '__doc__', me_value = None},
{me_hash = 0, me_key = 0x0, me_value = 0x0}, {
me_hash = 6614918939584953775, me_key = '__package__', me_value = None}}}
请注意，漂亮打印机实际上不调用 repr()。对于基本类型，它们会尝试密切匹配其结果。
一个可能令人困惑的领域是，某些类型的自定义打印机看起来很像 GDB 的内置标准类型打印机。例如，Python int（PyLongObject*）的漂亮打印机给出的表示与常规机器级整数的表示没有区别：
(gdb) p some_machine_integer
$3 = 42
(gdb) p some_python_integer
$4 = 42
可以使用强制转换为 PyLongObject* 来显示内部结构：
(gdb) p *(PyLongObject*)some_python_integer
$5 = {ob_base = {ob_base = {ob_refcnt = 8, ob_type = 0x3dad39f5e0}, ob_size = 1},
ob_digit = {42}}
对于 str 类型，也会出现类似的困惑，其中输出看起来很像 gdb 的 char * 内置打印机：
(gdb) p ptr_to_python_str
$6 = '__builtins__'
str 实例的漂亮打印机默认使用单引号（Python 的 repr 对于字符串也是如此），而 char * 值的标准打印机使用双引号并包含十六进制地址：
(gdb) p ptr_to_char_star
$7 = 0x6d72c0 "hello world"
同样，可以使用强制转换为 PyUnicodeObject* 来显示实现细节：
(gdb) p *(PyUnicodeObject*)$6
$8 = {ob_base = {ob_refcnt = 33, ob_type = 0x3dad3a95a0}, length = 12,
str = 0x7ffff2128500, hash = 7065186196740147912, state = 1, defenc = 0x0}
py-list¶
该扩展添加了一个
py-list命令，该命令列出所选线程中当前帧的 Python 源代码（如果有）。当前行用“>”标记：(gdb) py-list 901 if options.profile: 902 options.profile = False 903 profile_me() 904 return 905 >906 u = UI() 907 if not u.quit: 908 try: 909 gtk.main() 910 except KeyboardInterrupt: 911 # properly quit on a keyboard interrupt...使用
py-list START在 Python 源代码中的不同行号处列出，并使用py-list START,END列出 Python 源代码中特定范围的行：
py-up 和 py-down¶
py-up和py-down命令类似于 GDB 的常规up和down命令，但尝试在 CPython 帧级别而不是 C 帧级别上移动。GDB 并不总是能够读取相关的帧信息，这取决于编译 CPython 时使用的优化级别。在内部，这些命令查找正在执行默认帧评估函数（即 CPython 中的核心字节码解释器循环）的 C 帧，并查找相关的
PyFrameObject *的值。它们会在线程中发出（C 级别）的帧号。
例如：
(gdb) py-up #37 Frame 0x9420b04, for file /usr/lib/python2.6/site-packages/ gnome_sudoku/main.py, line 906, in start_game () u = UI() (gdb) py-up #40 Frame 0x948e82c, for file /usr/lib/python2.6/site-packages/ gnome_sudoku/gnome_sudoku.py, line 22, in start_game(main=<module at remote 0xb771b7f4>) main.start_game() (gdb) py-up Unable to find an older python frame因此，我们位于 Python 堆栈的顶部。
帧编号与 GDB 标准的
backtrace命令显示的编号相对应。该命令会跳过未执行 Python 代码的 C 帧。向下回溯
(gdb) py-down #37 Frame 0x9420b04, for file /usr/lib/python2.6/site-packages/gnome_sudoku/main.py, line 906, in start_game () u = UI() (gdb) py-down #34 (unable to read python frame information) (gdb) py-down #23 (unable to read python frame information) (gdb) py-down #19 (unable to read python frame information) (gdb) py-down #14 Frame 0x99262ac, for file /usr/lib/python2.6/site-packages/gnome_sudoku/game_selector.py, line 201, in run_swallowed_dialog (self=<NewOrSavedGameSelector(new_game_model=<gtk.ListStore at remote 0x98fab44>, puzzle=None, saved_games=[{'gsd.auto_fills': 0, 'tracking': {}, 'trackers': {}, 'notes': [], 'saved_at': 1270084485, 'game': '7 8 0 0 0 0 0 5 6 0 0 9 0 8 0 1 0 0 0 4 6 0 0 0 0 7 0 6 5 0 0 0 4 7 9 2 0 0 0 9 0 1 0 0 0 3 9 7 6 0 0 0 1 8 0 6 0 0 0 0 2 8 0 0 0 5 0 4 0 6 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 4 5\n7 8 0 0 0 0 0 5 6 0 0 9 0 8 0 1 0 0 0 4 6 0 0 0 0 7 0 6 5 1 8 3 4 7 9 2 0 0 0 9 0 1 0 0 0 3 9 7 6 0 0 0 1 8 0 6 0 0 0 0 2 8 0 0 0 5 0 4 0 6 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 4 5', 'gsd.impossible_hints': 0, 'timer.__absolute_start_time__': <float at remote 0x984b474>, 'gsd.hints': 0, 'timer.active_time': <float at remote 0x984b494>, 'timer.total_time': <float at remote 0x984b464>}], dialog=<gtk.Dialog at remote 0x98faaa4>, saved_game_model=<gtk.ListStore at remote 0x98fad24>, sudoku_maker=<SudokuMaker(terminated=False, played=[], batch_siz...(truncated) swallower.run_dialog(self.dialog) (gdb) py-down #11 Frame 0x9aead74, for file /usr/lib/python2.6/site-packages/gnome_sudoku/dialog_swallower.py, line 48, in run_dialog (self=<SwappableArea(running=<gtk.Dialog at remote 0x98faaa4>, main_page=0) at remote 0x98fa6e4>, d=<gtk.Dialog at remote 0x98faaa4>) gtk.main() (gdb) py-down #8 (unable to read python frame information) (gdb) py-down Unable to find a newer python frame我们现在位于 Python 堆栈的底部。
请注意，在 Python 3.12 及更高版本中，同一个 C 堆栈帧可以用于多个 Python 堆栈帧。这意味着
py-up和py-down可能会一次移动多个 Python 帧。例如(gdb) py-up #6 Frame 0x7ffff7fb62b0, for file /tmp/rec.py, line 5, in recursive_function (n=0) time.sleep(5) #6 Frame 0x7ffff7fb6240, for file /tmp/rec.py, line 7, in recursive_function (n=1) recursive_function(n-1) #6 Frame 0x7ffff7fb61d0, for file /tmp/rec.py, line 7, in recursive_function (n=2) recursive_function(n-1) #6 Frame 0x7ffff7fb6160, for file /tmp/rec.py, line 7, in recursive_function (n=3) recursive_function(n-1) #6 Frame 0x7ffff7fb60f0, for file /tmp/rec.py, line 7, in recursive_function (n=4) recursive_function(n-1) #6 Frame 0x7ffff7fb6080, for file /tmp/rec.py, line 7, in recursive_function (n=5) recursive_function(n-1) #6 Frame 0x7ffff7fb6020, for file /tmp/rec.py, line 9, in <module> () recursive_function(5) (gdb) py-up Unable to find an older python frame
py-bt¶
py-bt命令尝试显示当前线程的 Python 级别回溯。例如：
(gdb) py-bt #8 (unable to read python frame information) #11 Frame 0x9aead74, for file /usr/lib/python2.6/site-packages/gnome_sudoku/dialog_swallower.py, line 48, in run_dialog (self=<SwappableArea(running=<gtk.Dialog at remote 0x98faaa4>, main_page=0) at remote 0x98fa6e4>, d=<gtk.Dialog at remote 0x98faaa4>) gtk.main() #14 Frame 0x99262ac, for file /usr/lib/python2.6/site-packages/gnome_sudoku/game_selector.py, line 201, in run_swallowed_dialog (self=<NewOrSavedGameSelector(new_game_model=<gtk.ListStore at remote 0x98fab44>, puzzle=None, saved_games=[{'gsd.auto_fills': 0, 'tracking': {}, 'trackers': {}, 'notes': [], 'saved_at': 1270084485, 'game': '7 8 0 0 0 0 0 5 6 0 0 9 0 8 0 1 0 0 0 4 6 0 0 0 0 7 0 6 5 0 0 0 4 7 9 2 0 0 0 9 0 1 0 0 0 3 9 7 6 0 0 0 1 8 0 6 0 0 0 0 2 8 0 0 0 5 0 4 0 6 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 4 5\n7 8 0 0 0 0 0 5 6 0 0 9 0 8 0 1 0 0 0 4 6 0 0 0 0 7 0 6 5 1 8 3 4 7 9 2 0 0 0 9 0 1 0 0 0 3 9 7 6 0 0 0 1 8 0 6 0 0 0 0 2 8 0 0 0 5 0 4 0 6 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 4 5', 'gsd.impossible_hints': 0, 'timer.__absolute_start_time__': <float at remote 0x984b474>, 'gsd.hints': 0, 'timer.active_time': <float at remote 0x984b494>, 'timer.total_time': <float at remote 0x984b464>}], dialog=<gtk.Dialog at remote 0x98faaa4>, saved_game_model=<gtk.ListStore at remote 0x98fad24>, sudoku_maker=<SudokuMaker(terminated=False, played=[], batch_siz...(truncated) swallower.run_dialog(self.dialog) #19 (unable to read python frame information) #23 (unable to read python frame information) #34 (unable to read python frame information) #37 Frame 0x9420b04, for file /usr/lib/python2.6/site-packages/gnome_sudoku/main.py, line 906, in start_game () u = UI() #40 Frame 0x948e82c, for file /usr/lib/python2.6/site-packages/gnome_sudoku/gnome_sudoku.py, line 22, in start_game (main=<module at remote 0xb771b7f4>) main.start_game()帧编号与 GDB 标准的
backtrace命令显示的编号相对应。
py-print¶
py-print命令查找一个 Python 名称并尝试打印它。它会依次查找当前线程的局部变量、全局变量，最后是内置变量。(gdb) py-print self local 'self' = <SwappableArea(running=<gtk.Dialog at remote 0x98faaa4>, main_page=0) at remote 0x98fa6e4> (gdb) py-print __name__ global '__name__' = 'gnome_sudoku.dialog_swallower' (gdb) py-print len builtin 'len' = <built-in function len> (gdb) py-print scarlet_pimpernel 'scarlet_pimpernel' not found如果当前的 C 帧对应于多个 Python 帧，
py-print只会考虑第一个帧。
py-locals¶
py-locals命令查找所选线程中当前 Python 帧内的所有 Python 局部变量，并打印它们的表示形式。(gdb) py-locals self = <SwappableArea(running=<gtk.Dialog at remote 0x98faaa4>, main_page=0) at remote 0x98fa6e4> d = <gtk.Dialog at remote 0x98faaa4>如果当前的 C 帧对应于多个 Python 帧，则会显示所有帧的局部变量。
(gdb) py-locals Locals for recursive_function n = 0 Locals for recursive_function n = 1 Locals for recursive_function n = 2 Locals for recursive_function n = 3 Locals for recursive_function n = 4 Locals for recursive_function n = 5 Locals for <module>
与 GDB 命令一起使用¶
扩展命令是对 GDB 内置命令的补充。例如，你可以使用 py-bt 显示的帧编号，配合 frame 命令来跳转到所选线程中的特定帧，如下所示：
(gdb) py-bt
(output snipped)
#68 Frame 0xaa4560, for file Lib/test/regrtest.py, line 1548, in <module> ()
main()
(gdb) frame 68
#68 0x00000000004cd1e6 in PyEval_EvalFrameEx (f=Frame 0xaa4560, for file Lib/test/regrtest.py, line 1548, in <module> (), throwflag=0) at Python/ceval.c:2665
2665 x = call_function(&sp, oparg);
(gdb) py-list
1543 # Run the tests in a context manager that temporary changes the CWD to a
1544 # temporary and writable directory. If it's not possible to create or
1545 # change the CWD, the original CWD will be used. The original CWD is
1546 # available from test_support.SAVEDCWD.
1547 with test_support.temp_cwd(TESTCWD, quiet=True):
>1548 main()
info threads 命令将给出进程中线程的列表，你可以使用 thread 命令来选择不同的线程。
(gdb) info threads
105 Thread 0x7fffefa18710 (LWP 10260) sem_wait () at ../nptl/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/x86_64/sem_wait.S:86
104 Thread 0x7fffdf5fe710 (LWP 10259) sem_wait () at ../nptl/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/x86_64/sem_wait.S:86
* 1 Thread 0x7ffff7fe2700 (LWP 10145) 0x00000038e46d73e3 in select () at ../sysdeps/unix/syscall-template.S:82
你可以使用 thread apply all COMMAND 或（简写为 t a a COMMAND）在所有线程上运行命令。通过 py-bt，你可以查看每个线程在 Python 级别正在执行的操作。
(gdb) t a a py-bt
Thread 105 (Thread 0x7fffefa18710 (LWP 10260)):
#5 Frame 0x7fffd00019d0, for file /home/david/coding/python-svn/Lib/threading.py, line 155, in _acquire_restore (self=<_RLock(_Verbose__verbose=False, _RLock__owner=140737354016512, _RLock__block=<thread.lock at remote 0x858770>, _RLock__count=1) at remote 0xd7ff40>, count_owner=(1, 140737213728528), count=1, owner=140737213728528)
self.__block.acquire()
#8 Frame 0x7fffac001640, for file /home/david/coding/python-svn/Lib/threading.py, line 269, in wait (self=<_Condition(_Condition__lock=<_RLock(_Verbose__verbose=False, _RLock__owner=140737354016512, _RLock__block=<thread.lock at remote 0x858770>, _RLock__count=1) at remote 0xd7ff40>, acquire=<instancemethod at remote 0xd80260>, _is_owned=<instancemethod at remote 0xd80160>, _release_save=<instancemethod at remote 0xd803e0>, release=<instancemethod at remote 0xd802e0>, _acquire_restore=<instancemethod at remote 0xd7ee60>, _Verbose__verbose=False, _Condition__waiters=[]) at remote 0xd7fd10>, timeout=None, waiter=<thread.lock at remote 0x858a90>, saved_state=(1, 140737213728528))
self._acquire_restore(saved_state)
#12 Frame 0x7fffb8001a10, for file /home/david/coding/python-svn/Lib/test/lock_tests.py, line 348, in f ()
cond.wait()
#16 Frame 0x7fffb8001c40, for file /home/david/coding/python-svn/Lib/test/lock_tests.py, line 37, in task (tid=140737213728528)
f()
Thread 104 (Thread 0x7fffdf5fe710 (LWP 10259)):
#5 Frame 0x7fffe4001580, for file /home/david/coding/python-svn/Lib/threading.py, line 155, in _acquire_restore (self=<_RLock(_Verbose__verbose=False, _RLock__owner=140737354016512, _RLock__block=<thread.lock at remote 0x858770>, _RLock__count=1) at remote 0xd7ff40>, count_owner=(1, 140736940992272), count=1, owner=140736940992272)
self.__block.acquire()
#8 Frame 0x7fffc8002090, for file /home/david/coding/python-svn/Lib/threading.py, line 269, in wait (self=<_Condition(_Condition__lock=<_RLock(_Verbose__verbose=False, _RLock__owner=140737354016512, _RLock__block=<thread.lock at remote 0x858770>, _RLock__count=1) at remote 0xd7ff40>, acquire=<instancemethod at remote 0xd80260>, _is_owned=<instancemethod at remote 0xd80160>, _release_save=<instancemethod at remote 0xd803e0>, release=<instancemethod at remote 0xd802e0>, _acquire_restore=<instancemethod at remote 0xd7ee60>, _Verbose__verbose=False, _Condition__waiters=[]) at remote 0xd7fd10>, timeout=None, waiter=<thread.lock at remote 0x858860>, saved_state=(1, 140736940992272))
self._acquire_restore(saved_state)
#12 Frame 0x7fffac001c90, for file /home/david/coding/python-svn/Lib/test/lock_tests.py, line 348, in f ()
cond.wait()
#16 Frame 0x7fffac0011c0, for file /home/david/coding/python-svn/Lib/test/lock_tests.py, line 37, in task (tid=140736940992272)
f()
Thread 1 (Thread 0x7ffff7fe2700 (LWP 10145)):
#5 Frame 0xcb5380, for file /home/david/coding/python-svn/Lib/test/lock_tests.py, line 16, in _wait ()
time.sleep(0.01)
#8 Frame 0x7fffd00024a0, for file /home/david/coding/python-svn/Lib/test/lock_tests.py, line 378, in _check_notify (self=<ConditionTests(_testMethodName='test_notify', _resultForDoCleanups=<TestResult(_original_stdout=<cStringIO.StringO at remote 0xc191e0>, skipped=[], _mirrorOutput=False, testsRun=39, buffer=False, _original_stderr=<file at remote 0x7ffff7fc6340>, _stdout_buffer=<cStringIO.StringO at remote 0xc9c7f8>, _stderr_buffer=<cStringIO.StringO at remote 0xc9c790>, _moduleSetUpFailed=False, expectedFailures=[], errors=[], _previousTestClass=<type at remote 0x928310>, unexpectedSuccesses=[], failures=[], shouldStop=False, failfast=False) at remote 0xc185a0>, _threads=(0,), _cleanups=[], _type_equality_funcs={<type at remote 0x7eba00>: <instancemethod at remote 0xd750e0>, <type at remote 0x7e7820>: <instancemethod at remote 0xd75160>, <type at remote 0x7e30e0>: <instancemethod at remote 0xd75060>, <type at remote 0x7e7d20>: <instancemethod at remote 0xd751e0>, <type at remote 0x7f19e0...(truncated)
_wait()